Gejala-gejala serangan panik sering dimulai pada usia-usia akhir remaja atau di awal-awal masuk usia dewasa dan lebih banyak menyerang kaum wanita dibandingkan kaum pria, Faktor-faktor yang dapat meningkatkan serangan panik atau gangguan panik terjadi diantaranya adalah :
- Riwayat keluarga yang juga mengalami serangan atau gangguan panik.
- Stres yang berat, seperti kematian atau penyakit serius yang dialami oleh orang yang dicintai.
- Peristiwa traumatis, seperti pelecehan seksual atau kecelakaan serius.
- Perubahan besar dalam hidup, seperti perceraian.
- Merokok atau asupan kafein yang berlebihan.
- Memiliki sejarah menjadi korban pelecehan baik secara fisik atau seksual di masa kanak-kanak.
Referensi
- Panic attacks and panic disorder. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/panic-attacks/symptoms-causes/syc-20376021
- Panic disorder. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5. 5th ed. Arlington, Va.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013. http://dsm.psychiatryonline.org. Accessed April 12, 2018.
- Roy-Byne PP. Panic disorder: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, assessment, and diagnosis. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 16, 2018.
- Panic disorder: When fear overwhelms. National Institute of Mental Health. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/panic-disorder-when-fear-overwhelms/index.shtml. Accessed March 16, 2018.
- Answers to your questions about panic disorder. American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/panic-disorder.aspx. Accessed April 12, 2018.
- Craske M. Psychotherapy for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 16, 2018.
- Inositol. Natural Medicines. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Accessed March 16, 2018.
- Gaudlitz K, et al. Aerobic exercise training facilitates the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy in panic disorder. Depression and Anxiety. 2015;32:221.
- Vorkapic CF, et al. Reducing the symptomatology of panic disorder: The effects of a yoga program alone and in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 2014;5:1.
- Roy-Byrne PP. Pharmacotherapy for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 16, 2018.
- Alprazolam, clonazepam, venlafaxine hydrochloride, fluoxetine hydrochloride, sertraline hydrochloride, paroxetine hydrochloride, paroxetine mesylate. Micromedex 2.0 Healthcare Series. http://www.micromedexsolutions.com. Accessed March 16, 2018.
- Roy-Byne PP, et al. Approach to treating panic disorder with or without agoraphobia in adults. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed March 16, 2018.
- Using dietary supplements wisely. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/supplements/wiseuse.htm. Accessed March 19, 2018.
- Sawchuk CA (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. April 6, 2018.
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